The digital economy continues to expand since the COVID-19 pandemic, with 90% of organizations growing their modern app architectures. In F5’s 2023 State of Application Strategy Report, more than 40% of the 1,000 global IT decision makers surveyed describe their app portfolios as "modern". This percentage has been growing steadily over the last few years and is projected to exceed 50% by 2025. However, the increase in modern apps and use of microservices is accompanied by a proliferation of APIs and API endpoints, exponentially increasing the potential for vulnerabilities and the surface area for attacks.
According to Continuous API Sprawl, a report from the F5 Office of the CTO, there were approximately 200 million APIs worldwide in 2021, a number expected to approach 2 billion by 2030. Compounding the complexity resulting from this rapid API growth is the challenge of managing distributed applications across hybrid and multi-cloud environments. Respondents to the 2023 State of Application Strategy Report cited the complexity of managing multiple tools and APIs as their #1 challenge as they deploy apps in multi-cloud environments. Applying consistent security policies and optimizing app performance were tied in a close second place.
Why API Security is Critical to Your Bottom line
Not only are APIs the building blocks of modern applications, they’re at the core of digital business – 58% of organizations surveyed in the F5 2023 report say they derive at least half of their revenue from digital services. APIs enable user-to-app and app-to-app communication, and the access they provide to private customer data and internal corporate information make them lucrative targets for attackers. APIs were the attack vector of choice in 2022.
Protecting APIs is paramount in an overall application security strategy. Attacks can have devastating consequences that go far beyond violating consumer privacy (bad as that is), to an increased level of severity that harms public safety and leads to loss of intellectual property. Here are some examples of each of these types of API attacks that occurred in 2022.
- Consumer privacy – Twitter experienced a multi-year API attack. In December 2022, hackers stole the profile data and email addresses of 200 million Twitter users. Four months earlier, 3,207 mobile applications leaking valid Twitter API keys and secrets were discovered by CloudSEK researchers. And a month prior to that, hackers had exploited an API vulnerability to seize and sell data from 5.4 million users .
- Public safety – A team of researchers found critical API security vulnerabilities across approximately 20 top automotive manufacturers, including Toyota, Mercedes, and BMW. With so many cars today acting like smart devices, hackers can go well beyond stealing VINs and personal information about car owners. They can track car locations and control the remote management system, allowing them to unlock and start the car or disable the car completely.
- Intellectual property – A targeted employee at CircleCI, a CI/CD platform used by over 1 million developers worldwide to ship code, was the victim of a malware attack. This employee had privileges to generate production access tokens, and as a result hackers were able to steal customers’ API keys and secrets. The breach went unnoticed for nearly three weeks. Unable to tell whether a customer’s secrets were stolen and used for unauthorized access to third-party systems, CircleCI could only advise customers to rotate project and personal API tokens.
These API attacks serve as cautionary tales. When APIs have security vulnerabilities and are left unprotected, the longtail consequences can go far beyond monetary costs. The significance of API security cannot be overstated.
How F5 NGINX Helps You Secure Your APIs
The NGINX API Connectivity Stack solution helps you manage your API gateways and APIs across multi-cloud environments. By deploying NGINX Plus as your API gateway with NGINX App Protect WAF, you can help prevent and mitigate common API exploits that address the top three API challenges identified in the F5 2023 State of Application Strategy Report – managing API complexity across multi-cloud environments, ensuring security policies, and optimizing app performance – as well as the types of API attacks discussed in the previous section. NGINX Plus can be used in several ways, including as an API gateway where you can route API requests quickly, authenticate and authorize API clients to secure your APIs, and rate limit traffic to protect your API‑based services from overload.
NGINX Plus provides out-of-the-box protection against not only the OWASP API Security Top 10 vulnerabilities. It also checks for malformed cookies, JSON, and XML, validates allowed file types and response status codes, and detects evasion techniques used to mask attacks. A NGINX Plus API gateway ensures protection for HTTP or HTTP/2 API protocols including REST, GraphQL, and gRPC.
NGINX App Protect WAF provides lightweight, high-performance app and API security that goes beyond basic protection against the OWASP API Security Top 10 and OWASP (Application) Top 10, with protection from over 7,500 advanced signatures, bot signatures, and threat campaigns. It enables a shift-left strategy and easy automation of API security for integrating security-as-code into CI/CD pipelines. In testing against the AWS, Azure, and Cloudflare WAFs, NGINX App Protect WAF was found to deliver strong app and API security while maintaining better performance and lower latency. For more details, check out this GigaOm Report.
NGINX App Protect WAF is embedded into the NGINX Plus API gateway, resulting in one less hop for API traffic. Fewer hops between layers reduces latency, complexity, and points of failure. This is in stark contrast with typical API-management solutions which do not integrate with a WAF (you must deploy the WAF separately and, once it is set up, API traffic must traverse the WAF and API gateway separately). NGINX’s tight integration means high performance without compromise on security.
GraphQL and gRPC Are on the Rise
App and API developers are constantly looking for new ways to increase flexibility, speed, and ease of use and deployment. According to the 2022 State of the API Report from Postman, REST is still the most popular API protocol used today (89%), but GraphQL (28%) and gRPC (11%) continue to grow in popularity. Ultimately the choice of API protocol is highly dependent on the purpose of application and the best solution for your business. Each protocol has its own benefits.
Why Use GraphQL APIs?
Key benefits of using GraphQL APIs include:
- Adaptability – The client decides on the data request, type, and format.
- Efficiency – There is no over-fetching, requests are run against a created schema, and the data returned is exactly (and only) what was requested. The formatting of data in request and response is identical, making GraphQL APIs fast, predictable, and easy to scale.
- Flexibility – Supports over a dozen languages and platforms.
GitHub is one well-known user of GraphQL. They made the switch to GraphQL in 2016 for scalability and flexibility reasons.
Why Use gRPC APIs?
Key benefits of using gRPC APIs include:
- Performance – The lightweight, compact data format minimizes resource demands and enables fast message encoding and decoding
- Efficient – The protobufs data format streamlines communication by serializing structured data
- Reliability – HTTP/2 and TLS/SSL are required, improving security by default
Most of the power comes from the client side, while management and computations are offloaded to a remote server hosting the resource. gRPC is suited for use cases that routinely need a set amount of data or processing, such as traffic between microservices or data collection in which the requester (such as an IOT device) needs to conserve limited resources.
Netflix is an example of a well know user of gRPC APIs.
Secure Your GraphQL APIs with NGINX App Protect WAF
NGINX App Protect WAF now supports GraphQL APIs in addition to REST and gRPC APIs. It secures GraphQL APIs by applying attack signatures, eliminating malicious exploits, and defending against attacks. GraphQL traffic is natively parsed, enabling NGINX App Protect WAF to detect violations based on GraphQL syntax and profile and apply attack signatures. Visibility into introspection queries enables NGINX App Protect WAF to block them, as well as block detected patterns in responses. This method helps to detect attacks and run signatures in the appropriate segments of a payload, and by doing so, helps to reduce false positives.
Learn how NGINX App Protect WAF can defend your GraphQL APIs from attacks in this demo.
Benefits of GraphQL API security with NGINX App Protect WAF:
- Define security parameters – Set in accordance with your organizational policy the total length and value of parameters in the GraphQL template and content profile as part of the app security policy
- Reduce false positives – Improve accuracy of attack prevention with granular controls for better detection of attacks in a GraphQL request
- Alleviate malicious exploits – Define maximum batched queries in one HTTP request to reduce the risk of malicious exploitation and attacks
- Eliminate DoS attacks – Configure maximum structure depth in content profiles to stop DoS attacks caused by recursive queries
- Limit API risk exposure – Enforce constraints on introspection queries to prevent hackers from understanding the API structure, which can lead to a breach
Secure gRPC Bidirectional Streaming APIs with NGINX App Protect WAF
NGINX App Protect WAF now supports gRPC bidirectional streaming in addition to unary message types, enabling you to secure gRPC-based APIs that use message streams (client, server, or both). This provides complete security for gRPC APIs regardless of the communication type.
NGINX App Protect WAF secures gRPC APIs by enforcing your schema, setting size limits, blocking unknown files, and preventing resource-exhaustion types of DoS attacks. You can import your Interface Definition Language (IDL) file to NGINX App Protect WAF so that it can enforce the structure and schema of your gRPC messages and scan for attacks in the right places. This enables accurate detection of attempts to exploit your application through gRPC and avoids false positives that can occur when scanning for security in the wrong places without context.
Learn how NGINX App Protect WAF can defend your gRPC bidirectional APIs from attacks in this demo.
Benefits of gRPC API security with NGINX App Protect WAF:
- Comprehensive gRPC protection – From unary to bidirectional streaming, complete security regardless of communication type
- Reduce false positives – Improved accuracy from enforcement of gRPC message structure and schema, for better detection of attacks in a gRPC request
- Block malicious exploits – Enforcement that each field in the gRPC message has the correct type and expected content, with the ability to block unknown fields
- Eliminate DoS attacks – Message size limits to prevent resource-exhaustion types of DoS attacks
Both SecOps and API Dev Teams Can Manage and Automate API Security
In Postman’s 2022 State of the API Report, 20% of the 37,000 developers and API professionals surveyed stated that API incidents occur at least once a month at their organization, resulting in loss of data, loss of service, abuse, or inappropriate access. In contrast, 52% of respondents suffered an API attack less than once per year, underscoring the importance of incorporating security early as part of a shift-left strategy for API security. With APIs being published more frequently than applications, a shift left strategy is increasingly being applied to API security. When organizations adopt a shift-left culture and integrate security-as-code into CI/CD pipelines, they build security into each stage of API development, enable developers to remain agile, and accelerate deployment velocity.
A key area where protection must be API specific is the validation of API schemata, including gRPC IDL files and GraphQL queries. Schemata are unique to each API and change with each API version. When automating the API schema, any time you update an API you also need to update the configuration and code in that file. WAF configurations can be deployed in an automated fashion to keep up with API version changes. NGINX App Protect WAF can validate schemata, verifying that requests comply with what the API supports (methods, endpoints, parameters, and so on). NGINX App Protect WAF enables consistent app security with declarative policies that can be created by SecOps teams, with API Dev teams able to manage and deploy API security for more granular control and agility. If you are looking to automate your API security at scale across hybrid and multi-cloud environments, NGINX App Protect WAF can help.
Summary
Modern app portfolios continue to grow, and with the use of microservices comes an even greater proliferation of APIs. API security is complex and challenging, especially for organizations operating in hybrid or multi-cloud environments. Lack of API security can have devastating longtail effects beyond monetary costs. NGINX App Protect WAF provides comprehensive API security that includes protection for your REST, GraphQL, and gRPC APIs and helps your SecOps and API teams shift left and automate security throughout the entire API lifecycle and across distributed environments.
Test drive NGINX App Protect WAF today with a 30-day free trial.
Additional Resources
Blog: Secure Your API Gateway with NGINX App Protect WAF
eBook: Modern App and API Security
eBook: Mastering API Architecture from O’Reilly
Datasheet: NGINX App Protect WAF